Introduction

The alpaca is one of four species of South American camelids. (The other three are the llama which is also a domestic animal and the vicuna and guanaco which exist only in the wild.) All are browsers and grazers and, being ruminants, chew their cud. They share the camel's even-toed, padded foot and unique style of lying (kushing) down with their front legs bent and directed backwards. Camelids are smaller than camels and lack the latter's distinctive hump. The alpaca is the smallest of the domesticated South American camelids and is known for its abundant, fine fiber and gentle nature.

Until quite recently, alpacas were almost non-existent outside of their native land, and few persons in this country could do more than associate the word "alpaca" with a luxurious type of sweater. Now that alpacas are establishing themselves in North American, more people are getting a glimpse of these delightful wooly animals and are asking question about them.

Historical Background

As a group, South American camelids date back two million years. Current theory suggests that the alpaca is a descendent of the vicuna with its domestication taking place some six thousand years ago. Alpaca breeding and husbandry reached a peak in the 11th and 12th centuries A.D. under the Inca Empire. During this period, alpaca and llama breeding was conducted by a state organization whose members all belonged to a special nobility. Alpacas were the most valuable domestic animals of the time and were intensively selected for production of copious, fine fiber and for the perpetuation of the species. Through the centuries, alpacas have also served as a source of meat and played an important role in the religion of their caretakers. Two consequences of the 16th century Spanish conquest the arrival of new domestic animals from Europe and the development of mining as the most lucrative business activity in Peru, drove the alpaca from its pedestal in the Inca Empire and relegated the species to the higher elevations of Bolivia and Peru. Alpaca numbers dropped and husbandry practices deteriorated in the hands of the native Andean herders whose very life was a struggle on the harsh "alto plano." Finally in the 1920's, appreciation for alpaca fiber experienced a rebirth. By the 1980's alpaca fiber production had risen to a strategic economic resource in Peru. Today Peru, which has over 85% of the world population of alpacas, protects the species as a natural resource and limits its exportation.

Until the 1980's only a very few alpacas existed in North America, and these were scattered among a few zoos and private collections. The brief lifting of importation restrictions in 1983 and 1984 enabled the entry of alpacas from Chile and brought the North American population to some 500-600 head. After several years and additional importations, a population of some 12,000 alpacas is thriving in the U.S. and Canada with the largest concentration of alpaca operations being found in northern Oregon.

Characteristics

• Physical
  Alpacas are recognized by their compact size; abundant, soft fiber; long necks and ears that typically point slightly outward. Their short, wedge-shaped heads are adorned with much wool and large, expressive eyes. The alpaca's tail is naturally short and low set, often giving the alpaca the appearance of having a rounded rear end. The rear legs of the alpaca may be set very slightly under, but the hocks should never be sickled. The alpaca's front legs should look straight or nearly straight when viewed from the front. Their soft, padded feet have two toes from which nails grow out and down. This foot design, together with their small size allows them to tread very lightly over the terrain. Alpacas lack upper front teeth and enamel is absent from the insides of their lower incisors. They grasp forage with their agile split upper lip, nip it off with the action of their lower incisors against their upper pallet then grind their foodstuffs with their molars.
  
  Adult alpacas usually weigh between 100 and 170 pounds and stand 2 to 3 feet at the withers. Their life span is 15-25 years. Alpacas come in a multitude of colors, twenty-two of which are recognized by the alpaca fiber industry. Besides basic white and black, there are many beautiful shades of brown, gray, tan and fawn (cream). White markings often decorate the face, necks, legs and feet of alpacas. The paint (or piebald) pattern exists in the species but not appaloosa markings.
  
  There are two fiber types of alpacas, the huacaya and the suri. The huacaya's dense fiber grows straight out from its body and may have crimp (many small undulations along its length) giving the animal the look of a soft, natural sponge. The finer, straight fiber of the suri tends to part along the length of the spine and hang from the animal much like the hair on an afghan hound. The North American alpaca population consists primarily of huacayas and a lesser number of suris.
  
  Alpaca fiber is prized for its softness (equivalent to mohair and surpassed only by vicuna), uniform fineness and strength (It is three times stronger than sheep's wool). The best fiber (softest, finest, most uniform and dense) is found on the alpaca's sides and loin. The leg, chest, face and neck wool often consists of thicker, less uniform fibers.
  
  
• Behavioral

  Alpacas are very herd-oriented and usually prefer the company of their own kind to that of other species. Within the herd, there is a hierarchy of dominant and less assertive animals. When frightened, alpacas tend to band together which simplifies moving them as a group.

  

  The gentle character of alpacas makes them easy to handle by persons who understand their ways. While alpacas must become accustomed to human touch, most can easily be trained to halter and accept people. Rarely handled animals usually require some form of restraint for treatments but this can usually be accomplished by one person holding the animal. Adult male alpacas are typically less aggressive among themselves and with humans than are their North American livestock equivalents. Most male alpacas can be kept together in non-breeding situations and some in breeding situations as well.

  Alpacas communicate with a variety of mostly quiet noises, body postures and an occasional spit when confronted by extreme adversity. Their most common sound is a soft, pleasant humming. Their utterances include a sad sigh when distressed and the alarm call of the "watch paco" to signal the approach of an intruder. Some mother alpacas actually cluck to their new born babies. Posturing is done with the ears, neck and tail and is often used to maintain the pecking order of the herd. Young alpacas are especially curious and often communicate by sniffing and touching other animals.

  Alpacas love water and use it as a cooling device in warm weather. Most enjoy ponds, pools and sprinklers and will come running when they recognize a person with a hose. Lying in water for extended periods of time, besides being immediately cooling to the animal, does cause fiber loss on the alpaca's legs and underside. (They do not become bald but appear shorn in these areas.)

Uses

As rare and treasured as alpacas are in North America, they are essentially domestic animals that have been bred for thousands of years for fine fiber with consideration also given to meat production and ease of handling. In North America, alpacas are appreciated for their fiber, form, gentleness and amusing personalities. While the emphasis of the infant industry is on the production and perpetuation of the species in the U.S. and Canada, alpacas are also purchased as fiber sources, show animals, pets and living forms of art.

Breeding Alpacas

Female alpacas are ready for breeding when they have reached 75% of their adult weight which usually occurs between 12 and 24 months of age. Since a few may become pregnant as early as 6 months of age, it is important to separate young ladies from intact males from this age until they are ready for breeding. Sexually mature females are induced ovulators and do not exhibit estrus cycles typical of most domesticated animals. If not pregnant a mature female is almost constantly "open" or "receptive" to breeding.

Males mature more slowly than females and typically begin breeding at 2 1/2 to 3 years of age. Some, however, are precocious as youngsters and should be separated at about 8 months of age from receptive females since fertilization by a young male is possible any time after the penis no longer adheres to the prepuce (sheath).

Breeding is done in a prone position and takes at least 15 minutes since the male dribbles, rather than ejaculates, semen into the uterus of the female. While breeding, the male makes a continuous orgling noise and moves his front legs occasionally along the sides of the female. The mating process induces the female to ovulate so that she can become pregnant.

Methods of determining pregnancy include:

1. observing a female's receptivity to an intact male,
2. determining blood progesterone levels after 21 days,
3. internal ultrasound and/or external ultrasound

The first two procedures are indirect assessments and at times may be misleading. Unfortunately, the anatomy of many female alpacas is too small to allow rectal palpation or visualization of the pregnancy of internal ultrasound.

The gestation for alpacas is approximately eleven months, and females almost invariably produce a single baby. A young alpaca is called a cria and normally weigh from 10 to 18 pounds at birth. A cria is usually ready for weanling at 5 - 6 months.

Provisions for alpacas

• Fencing - While alpacas like to investigate new areas, they do not tend to run away so keeping them home is seldom a problem. However, adequate fencing is critical to their survival. Exterior fencing must be high enough and tight enough to keep out all potential predators including the neighbor's dog. Woven wire or any solid material that rises from ground level to a height of five feet usually suffices. For added protection, some owners add an electric wire along the top. Internally, any combination of boards, woven wire, cables and barbless wire that stand about four feet and does not allow the smallest animals to escape under or through will do.
• Housing - Alpacas are hardy creatures that adapt to all climates and have minimal requirements in the way of shelter. Access to an open barn or simple overhang that offers protection from storms and ample shade in the warmer seasons is all that is needed and is preferred to strict confinement.
• Feed -Extremely efficient utilizers of feed, alpacas do well on pasture or clean, grass-type hays. Overfeeding and dependence on the use of protein-rich hays, such as alfalfa, are unhealthy and should be avoided. Females in their last trimester of pregnancy, nursing mothers and growing youngsters require higher levels of protein and may benefit from supplemental feeding. Fresh water should always be available along with mineral salt. (Some alpacas like blocks while others prefer it in loose form). Alpacas are sensitive to the deprivation of essential minerals including, but not limited to, selenium and phosphorus. When green forage or hay from areas of specific deficiencies is fed, animals must be directly compensated for the mineral(s) that are lacking in their feed.
• Health Care -Although generally hardy and disease resistant animals, alpacas greatly benefit by preventative medicine and ready access to veterinary services. A priority for new alpaca owners should be to enlist the services of a veterinarian with alpaca and/or llama experience or, if none is available, find a local veterinarian that is interested in the species and very willing to learn. A health program should include vaccinations to protect against enterotoxemia, tetanus and other diseases of local concern, as well as, control of internal and external parasites. Regular selenium supplements are required in many areas to prevent white muscle disease, while Vitamin D may be required to prevent rickets. An alpaca's nails should be trimmed regularly and not allowed to grow long and curl. The teeth should be inspected and incisors trimmed if they exhibit excessive growth. Shearing alpacas once a year will further add to their happiness and well-being.

The Alpaca Registry

The Alpaca Registry documents the pedigrees of registered animals and helps assure the perpetuation of the alpaca as a unique species in North America. The registry requires blood typing of all alpacas and has received widespread support from the alpaca community as evidenced by the inclusion of at least 95% of the North American alpaca population in the registry at the time it officially closed (March 30, 1989). With the closing of the registry, only animals which qualify by blood typing as the offspring of registered alpacas are automatically eligible for registration.

The Alpaca Market

Alpacas are currently in limited supply in North America. As a consequence, alpacas are not inexpensive creatures. In fact, alpaca prices cannot be expected to drop as long as the demand for alpacas exceeds the supply. Finding the right alpaca takes more effort than shopping for a horse or goat but can be both a rewarding experience and an investment in the future.

Adapted from a Calpaca article written by Susan Stackhouse